Charcuterie

Charcuterie originated from the French term ‘chair cuit' which translates as ‘cooked meat'. Charcuterie is known around the world and is considered to be the art and science of the pig. Charcuterie is an ancient art that began nearly 6,000 years ago (Amiotte, 2007). Charcuterie became popular during the Roman Empire when food started to become sophisticated. Charcuterie was extremely popular in France during the Middle Ages. During the Middle Ages, France started many different varieties of meatloaves, sausages, and cured items that were prepared and sold in meat shops.These shops were known as charcutiers. These shops were owned and operated by people called charcutiers (Amiotte, 2007). Charcutiers needed to know how to season and cook delicious food, but they also needed to present the food in a way that would attract customers who walked by their shops. In the late 1400's and the early 1500's, food related illnesses and diseases became an epidemic in France. The French government had to maintain a strict separation between fisheries, slaughterhouses, butchers, and charcuteries to avoid cross contamination (Smith, 2012).The decision of separation made by the government made the charcutiers very upset because the regulations kept the slaughtering of animals and fish away from meat markets and the charcutiers had to depend on the suppliers for product. Charcutiers were outraged at the situation the government had put them in since they now had to pay more for their supplies. The price of supplies went along with supply and demand, which did not always do well with the charcutiers (Amiotte, 2007).Their ability to slaughter and process their own animals, allowed them to control their supply and costs, had now been taken away from them along with their ability to create different food item. The government finally decided to allow the charcutiers to sell salted herring and other types of fish during Lent when meat products were prohibited, in an attempt to quiet them (Samuel, 2011). Government regulations were finally eased in the 1600's and charcuteries were allowed to slaughter their own animals for processing.Charcutiers began experimenting with different meats and fowl, resulting in new and different foods for customers to purchase. It also created a competition between the charcutiers, causing them to boost their culinary skills in order to present the best possible food products for their customers (Smith, 2012). The popular products and processes of the French Charcutiers spread to France's neighboring regions. Frankfurt, Germany for example, became famous for the ‘Frankfurter', a smoked sausage; a hot dog is an American version of the Frankfurter served in a bun. Genoa Salami' and ‘Bologna' were produced in Genoa and Bologna, Italy (Amiotte, 2007). Travelers from Europe to the United States brought the techniques they had learned with them and they applied them to the natural resources they discovered. Pennsylv ania became famously known for its sausage preparation. Virginia was known for its fabulous cured and smoked hams. Eventually, all throughout the states, everyone had their own variation of the classic meatloaf (Bree, 2012). The authentic European regional specialties and the more recent American creations have lasted throughout the years.These food items are still available for consumers in any local or regional supermarkets, 400 to 500 years later. This incredible assortment of cooked, cured and stuffed meats, poultry and fish make up the culinary arts field of garde manger called charcuterie (Doherty, 2001). References Amiotte, C. (2007, January 30). The History of Charcuterie. Yahoo Voices. Retrieved May 28, 2012, from http://voices. yahoo. com/the-history-charcuterie-179536. html? cat=16 Bree (2012, March 31). Brief History of Charcuterie. SlideServe.Retrieved May 28, 2012, from http://www. slideserve. com/bree/brief-history-of-charcuterie Doherty, A. (2001). Charcuterie The Hi story. Garde Manger. Retrieved May 28, 2012, from http://www. gardemanger. com/charcuterie. html Samuel (2011, September 20). Introduction to Charcuterie. SlideServe. Retrieved May 28, 2012, from http://www. slideserve. com/Samuel/introduction-to-charcuterie Smith, S. E. (2012, February 29). What is Charcuterie?. wisegeek. Retrieved May 28, 2012, from http://www. wisegeek. com/what-is-charcuterie. htm

Introduction to Negotiation

Introduction to Negotiation Negotiation is and activity that every individual caries out in his everyday life. We are constantly negotiation with ourselves, our family, friends, business, etc. Every activity that happens is the result of a negotiation – â€Å"Pros and Cons†. And thus negotiation can be defined as; â€Å"The means by which people deal with their differences† Negotiation is a continuous and an evolving process especially in a supply chain environment. A company cannot meet the expectation of its customers or shareholders single handed and thus there is lot of negotiation is involved and it is a continuous process.It is a process that emerges when there is a difference and it cannot be settled single handed without a negotiation. Negotiation is not necessarily a win-loose process, but a good negotiation process is where both parties accept a mutually beneficial or amicable solution. A Negotiation can be distributive or integrative depending on how i t been conducted. A negotiation which involves hard bargaining and is mostly concentrated on one topic where usually the winner takes all is a distributive negotiation. There is little or no attention paid to relationship, consideration or sharing of information and are very aggressive.On the contrary an integrative negotiation is a process in which all parties cooperate to maximize the benefit to all parties and is commonly referred to as expanding the pie. There is lot of understanding among the parties and importance is paid to how more value can be generated in a continuing partnership. Sometimes depending on the topic a negotiation can get very complex. It could get into a Multi Phase Negotiation stage where one negotiation could lead into another negotiation with the complexity increasing at each stage.It could also get into a Multiparty Negotiation where the needs and want of other parties will require to be explored and will be included into further negotiations. Though ther e are many types or causes of negotiation, it is always important for an effective negotiation to underline once BATNA (Best Alternative To A Negotiated Agreement) and their Reservation Point. A BATNA is something which every negotiator should have, and is completely under his control. With this he should be able to set up his reservation point, something beyond which he should not negotiate.Once these are clearly understood and negotiated up on, we can at most of the time identify the ZOPA (Zone of Potential Agreement), which in most of the times overlaps both parties’ reservation points. Apart from the above other main elements that plays an important role in a negotiation and the most important is listening. Both parties should pay attention, listen and acknowledge the other parties BATNA and Reservation Points. This will not only improve relationships and achieve in establishing a ZOPA, but could also be beneficial to other departments or other entities that could have c onnection with your unit or industry.There should also be lot of preparation involved prior to a negotiation and preparation should focus on all areas. While a negotiation can be very effective, it could have several barriers. Therefore it is always important that some level of effort is put in in prior and during the negotiation. It is important to respect all parties and acknowledge their interests and concerns. Finding areas of common interests and sharing same, providing a comfort zone for negotiation, talking about past experiences, etc. , are some of the few ways to unwind before going into a negotiation process directly.Similarly it is important that during negotiation a process is clearly followed. The point around which discussion is taking places is well identifies and not deviated from and a clear time line is established. It is also important that the right persons are involved during the negotiation and the points negotiated upon is justifiable There should be room for flexibility all barriers like lack of trust, excessive bargaining, being reluctant to share information, structural impediments in putting inappropriate people at the discussion, cultural and gender difference any inds of spoilers should not be used and the language used should be simple and understanding to all parties. Mental barriers like Escalation, Partisan Perception, Irrational Expectation, Override confidence caused by ego, having shifting BATNA, not having a clear breakpoint, not understanding the other person, not sharing problem and understanding viewpoint, feeling invincible, etc. and should not be used during a negotiation process. While there are no rights or wrongs, style also matters in a negotiation. This often reflects on the kind of person one is always best to consider how to proceed.There are 5 different styles and each can be detailed as below; Avoiding style is when you hates conflicts and try to avoid them at all cost. It is often associated with trying to wi thdraw from situation or try to pass the decision to someone else and hence very difficult to arrive at a conclusion. This kind of style can be used if the issue, relationship, decision is of less importance, but can cause problems if the relationship or issue is of importance. Using this too often can have a negative feeling. Accommodating is when trying to use relationship to solve a conflict.On the contrary if the other person is not accommodating and takes advantage there is nothing returned in the negotiation process a negotiation can be accommodating when no much importance is paid to the issue or when there are not arguments on one’s side of the table. This can often create problem if the outcome is going to be shared at it could show that other are taking advantage of your position. Competing is like trying to win and take control of the situation or considers a negotiation as wining and loosing.There is no attempt made on collaboration, or cooperation from others and if used often shall loose self-respect eventually. A competing strategy can be during a negotiation if there is an emergency and a decision is imminent. It could also be that one side is confident that they are right and have all the supporting’s and the situation is under their control Compromising negotiation often tries to find something amicable. This often results in giving and taking with moderate satisfaction to both parties. This could create problem while negotiation on very creative problem and could be used the working together s important with limited resources A good solution is often considered as a bottleneck and any collaboration is considered as forcing something on. Collaborating is more a problem solving style of negotiating. They are very imaginative who think about win-win situation and thing of expanding the pie. Issues and relationship are both given importance along with being cooperative and creative. All concerns are well addressed and as a result w ill not be able to exercise if time frame is too short. It is also not applicable the issues are trivial or no much preparation or rehearsing time.A negotiation can also be different when negotiation for yourself or for others. When negotiation for yourself you often tend to negotiate what is most beneficial to your whereas on the other hand when negotiation for a third party there is often a personal gain side that is looked at especially is cases where negotiating for a property via a real estate agent. However a third party negotiator can bring with him lots of experience that could also be very beneficial and will assist in a negotiation process. Thus for a negotiation it is important to understand one own style and to determine the other persons style as well.This will avoid unpleasant surprises during a negotiation. and will assist in the effective preparation of BATNA and reservation points We can thus understand that the process of negotiation is continuous and needs to be c onstantly improved. It is a process that needs to be understood and required to be planned and monitored using various strategies and resources. As part of continuous improvement it is important to create a process, train all participants to follow and monitor the process. This process can be improved by learning and summarizing from reflection after a negotiation.It is also important to consider that every negotiation must have a preparation process where goals and expectation are clarified. A clear BATNA have to be defined which everyone in the team is well aware off. Any smart suggestions need to be recognized and suitably rewarded. Develop a process that works best for oneself and use it to evaluate what works best and willingness to follow the process. And the most important to remember that all negotiations cannot be won and not to be abandon just because we are not able to achieve what we perceived. Introduction to Negotiation Introduction to Negotiation Negotiation is and activity that every individual caries out in his everyday life. We are constantly negotiation with ourselves, our family, friends, business, etc. Every activity that happens is the result of a negotiation – â€Å"Pros and Cons†. And thus negotiation can be defined as; â€Å"The means by which people deal with their differences† Negotiation is a continuous and an evolving process especially in a supply chain environment. A company cannot meet the expectation of its customers or shareholders single handed and thus there is lot of negotiation is involved and it is a continuous process.It is a process that emerges when there is a difference and it cannot be settled single handed without a negotiation. Negotiation is not necessarily a win-loose process, but a good negotiation process is where both parties accept a mutually beneficial or amicable solution. A Negotiation can be distributive or integrative depending on how i t been conducted. A negotiation which involves hard bargaining and is mostly concentrated on one topic where usually the winner takes all is a distributive negotiation. There is little or no attention paid to relationship, consideration or sharing of information and are very aggressive.On the contrary an integrative negotiation is a process in which all parties cooperate to maximize the benefit to all parties and is commonly referred to as expanding the pie. There is lot of understanding among the parties and importance is paid to how more value can be generated in a continuing partnership. Sometimes depending on the topic a negotiation can get very complex. It could get into a Multi Phase Negotiation stage where one negotiation could lead into another negotiation with the complexity increasing at each stage.It could also get into a Multiparty Negotiation where the needs and want of other parties will require to be explored and will be included into further negotiations. Though ther e are many types or causes of negotiation, it is always important for an effective negotiation to underline once BATNA (Best Alternative To A Negotiated Agreement) and their Reservation Point. A BATNA is something which every negotiator should have, and is completely under his control. With this he should be able to set up his reservation point, something beyond which he should not negotiate.Once these are clearly understood and negotiated up on, we can at most of the time identify the ZOPA (Zone of Potential Agreement), which in most of the times overlaps both parties’ reservation points. Apart from the above other main elements that plays an important role in a negotiation and the most important is listening. Both parties should pay attention, listen and acknowledge the other parties BATNA and Reservation Points. This will not only improve relationships and achieve in establishing a ZOPA, but could also be beneficial to other departments or other entities that could have c onnection with your unit or industry.There should also be lot of preparation involved prior to a negotiation and preparation should focus on all areas. While a negotiation can be very effective, it could have several barriers. Therefore it is always important that some level of effort is put in in prior and during the negotiation. It is important to respect all parties and acknowledge their interests and concerns. Finding areas of common interests and sharing same, providing a comfort zone for negotiation, talking about past experiences, etc. , are some of the few ways to unwind before going into a negotiation process directly.Similarly it is important that during negotiation a process is clearly followed. The point around which discussion is taking places is well identifies and not deviated from and a clear time line is established. It is also important that the right persons are involved during the negotiation and the points negotiated upon is justifiable There should be room for flexibility all barriers like lack of trust, excessive bargaining, being reluctant to share information, structural impediments in putting inappropriate people at the discussion, cultural and gender difference any inds of spoilers should not be used and the language used should be simple and understanding to all parties. Mental barriers like Escalation, Partisan Perception, Irrational Expectation, Override confidence caused by ego, having shifting BATNA, not having a clear breakpoint, not understanding the other person, not sharing problem and understanding viewpoint, feeling invincible, etc. and should not be used during a negotiation process. While there are no rights or wrongs, style also matters in a negotiation. This often reflects on the kind of person one is always best to consider how to proceed.There are 5 different styles and each can be detailed as below; Avoiding style is when you hates conflicts and try to avoid them at all cost. It is often associated with trying to wi thdraw from situation or try to pass the decision to someone else and hence very difficult to arrive at a conclusion. This kind of style can be used if the issue, relationship, decision is of less importance, but can cause problems if the relationship or issue is of importance. Using this too often can have a negative feeling. Accommodating is when trying to use relationship to solve a conflict.On the contrary if the other person is not accommodating and takes advantage there is nothing returned in the negotiation process a negotiation can be accommodating when no much importance is paid to the issue or when there are not arguments on one’s side of the table. This can often create problem if the outcome is going to be shared at it could show that other are taking advantage of your position. Competing is like trying to win and take control of the situation or considers a negotiation as wining and loosing.There is no attempt made on collaboration, or cooperation from others and if used often shall loose self-respect eventually. A competing strategy can be during a negotiation if there is an emergency and a decision is imminent. It could also be that one side is confident that they are right and have all the supporting’s and the situation is under their control Compromising negotiation often tries to find something amicable. This often results in giving and taking with moderate satisfaction to both parties. This could create problem while negotiation on very creative problem and could be used the working together s important with limited resources A good solution is often considered as a bottleneck and any collaboration is considered as forcing something on. Collaborating is more a problem solving style of negotiating. They are very imaginative who think about win-win situation and thing of expanding the pie. Issues and relationship are both given importance along with being cooperative and creative. All concerns are well addressed and as a result w ill not be able to exercise if time frame is too short. It is also not applicable the issues are trivial or no much preparation or rehearsing time.A negotiation can also be different when negotiation for yourself or for others. When negotiation for yourself you often tend to negotiate what is most beneficial to your whereas on the other hand when negotiation for a third party there is often a personal gain side that is looked at especially is cases where negotiating for a property via a real estate agent. However a third party negotiator can bring with him lots of experience that could also be very beneficial and will assist in a negotiation process. Thus for a negotiation it is important to understand one own style and to determine the other persons style as well.This will avoid unpleasant surprises during a negotiation. and will assist in the effective preparation of BATNA and reservation points We can thus understand that the process of negotiation is continuous and needs to be c onstantly improved. It is a process that needs to be understood and required to be planned and monitored using various strategies and resources. As part of continuous improvement it is important to create a process, train all participants to follow and monitor the process. This process can be improved by learning and summarizing from reflection after a negotiation.It is also important to consider that every negotiation must have a preparation process where goals and expectation are clarified. A clear BATNA have to be defined which everyone in the team is well aware off. Any smart suggestions need to be recognized and suitably rewarded. Develop a process that works best for oneself and use it to evaluate what works best and willingness to follow the process. And the most important to remember that all negotiations cannot be won and not to be abandon just because we are not able to achieve what we perceived.

International Business - SWOT Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Business - SWOT Analysis - Essay Example Similarly ICC Championship Cricket Tournament is slated to be held in October in India, which could provide Rebel Sports an opportunity to enter the vast Indian market. Asian games are to be held in Doha (Qatar), again an opportunity for Rebel Sports to become 'known' to international customers. Such trial launches have a big advantage, they provide an easy escape route in case the company feels that the market is too hot to handle. Launches coinciding with sporting events give an extra inch of publicity. The company has to do a realistic feedback analysis regarding the acceptance of its brand and the reactions of competitors. Accordingly the company is to plan its future strategy. It can even keep the doors of alliances open with other companies after such trial launches. Plan Publicity Campaigns: This is a media age. Media campaigns are almost a necessity now. Moreover in these types of sporting figure having an image of demigods, things become little easier (though little costly) for companies like Rebel Sports. Also for example, Indian Films are very much popular not only within India but in the subcontinent as well. The sheer numbers of Indian migrant community in almost every country in the subcontinent makes Film stars too an obvious choice to launch such campaigns. Recruitment: On whatever scale the company wishes to launch its campaigns in any country/ region it needs to have some minimum workforce. The strategists can be from Australia but the ground level workers have to be from the target country. For this the company can get in touch with some HR consultants, providing staff on contract basis, to avoid any long-term obligations. Reaching Out to the Customers: Having done all the spadework the company is now ready to approach the customer. An international brand has to be seen in the market place in a manner befitting its reputation. Therefore local level tie-ups with some show rooms, shopping malls help in a big way. The showrooms/ Shopping malls are to be extended some lucrative offers for them to display Rebel Sports products prominently and to recommend these products to the customers (if the company has already launched a media campaign things become much easier). Gathering Feedback: Now is the time to take stock of its operations in the newer market. Simple business proposition states, the company has to be ready for some losses initially, that's exactly what Rebel Sports is supposed to do. And then study the business proposition over a period of time. A couple of months is enough for the company to plan its future. Conclusion: New avenues for business are explored when environment demands increase in pace of activity. Strategists feel more satisfied and comfortable with the prospects of growth from expansion. Rebel Sports has an experience of more than 20 years in this field so it can very well plan a strategy for opening stores in other countries as well. Today, rules of business success have changed.

Group work--------read the case study and do the paper as requirement Essay

Group work--------read the case study and do the paper as requirement - Essay Example However, TNNB seems to have a problem in its workforce and urgently needs talent development strategies if it is to ensure sustainable business with a promising future. This report explores how talent management strategy would help TNNB. It also assesses the most appropriate talent management strategy and proposes suitable short-term and long-term talent management policies and practices for the company. How A Talent Management (TM) Strategy Would Help TNNB TNNB clearly has a big problem with talent management. The company’s project managers emerge as incompetent for their roles as asserted by the company’s systems engineer. There is tension between systems engineers and mechanical and service engineers, which is likely to affect the overall performance of the company. Most of the engineers at the company have been working for the company for many years with some of them nearing their retirement. The managers of the company feel that engineers are hard to find, which cl early indicate that the company lacks strategic recruitment, hiring and retention programme. Therefore, TNNB’s future lies on its ability to adopt a suitable talent strategy to curb the on-going talent deficit in the company. Talent management is a management buzzword associated with continuous inflow of employees with desired qualities into an organisation. Talent management can be defined as a process that ensures that an organisation has a regular supply of individual with high potentials for vacant positions and acquires the right persons for the right jobs whenever there is need. Davis (2007) argues that â€Å"talent management is the recruitment, development, and retention of individuals who consistently deliver superior performance† (Davis 2007 p.1). However, Hatum (2010) notes that no universal definition of talent management exists. Strategic talent management as a process ensures that an organisation hires the right people for the right jobs and in a timely m anner so that the objectives of the firm can be met as expected (Deb 2005). Strategic talent management enables companies to assess and understand their present state, project talent gaps and take the initiatives to fill these talent gaps. The human resource of every organisation is charged with the responsibility of developing effective talent management strategy (Vaiman & Vance 2008). The success of an organisation depends on the effectiveness of the human resource department in recruiting high-performing staff developing and retaining them (Oakes & Galagan 2011; Silser & Dowell 2010). Generally, a talent management strategy would help TNNB to: Identify talent gaps within the organisation and take early precautions Align human capital needs with the strategy of the business Focus its training, development and recruitment efforts Ensure that the company achieves a balanced blend of generations in the workplace Ensure that knowledge is effectively transferred across various generati ons that make up the workforce Keep low the possibilities of disruptions in the production process as a result of impulsive departures of employees. To plan and organise its workforce and Maximise the contribution of each employee. Effective implementation of talent management strategy will result into significant reduction in cost associated with recruiting incompetent personnel, risk minimisation and attaining higher level of organisational performance

Texan Foods Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Texan Foods - Case Study Example Benefits derived from the collaborative sharing of information through the system are numerous. Businesses attain less stock-outs, more accurate and better forecasts, more powerful visibility of stocks, increased sales, a lower on-hand inventory, and a decrease in the costs of goods sold. The above mentioned benefits motivated the employees of Texan Foods and Valley Backers to aid a hand to ensure the success of the pivot study conducted. Despite the increase in the sales of some of the commodities offered by Texan Foods, there were various problems that needed to be addressed. The forecasts had been out-spaced by the inventory holdings of some category of stock such as backed goods. Moreover, the supply metrics for these commodities did not meet their mark. In addition to these, there was an unexpected rise in the stock-outs at the Distribution Centers from 5% to 7%. The percentage was steadily rising to 10%. Valley Backers, one of the suppliers was also expressing their concerns regarding the inconsistencies in the stock orders. The implementation of the system faced very many challenges. Preliminary agreements between the firm and Valley Backers were drafted. The type of product to be piloted and the level of collaboration required were agreed upon. However, both companies had different expectations on the methodology of carrying out the pilot study. We wanted to start at a slow rate, sharing only a small range of data on pricing and sales, while Valley Backers wanted complete access to all the databases including competitors’ products and pricing data. We did not agree on the number of products to be tested and the duration of the pilot study. Moreover, employees who had shown much enthusiasm for the system lost their morale as the time elapsed. However, some employees who were hesitant at the beginning became more willing to take up the task and assist in its

Eight topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Eight topic - Research Paper Example Who are we to blame? This paper also seeks the answer why genocide happened? What are the causes why this phenomenon happened? And what will happen in the future? Is there a possibility that another war will arise? These are just few of the questions we want to find the answers in this paper. This paper will contain three major topics which includes the causes of World War I and World War II, Genocide, and the views of humanity’s future. The Causes of World War I and World War II There are a lot of reasons of assumed to cause the Great War. The causes of World War I could be summed up with the acronym MAIN (Buckley, 2011). This stands for Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism and Nationalism. On the outside, it can be said that Nationalism was the main cause of the war. This sparked when the Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated by the Black Hand. Another cause of the First World War was Imperialism wherein countries such as France and England had flourishing econo mies due to their expansion and control of foreign resources (Buckley, 2011). Alliances also caused part of the World War I. The two opposing alliances developed by Bismarckian diplomacy after the Franco-Prussian War. The international tension was significantly increased by the division of Europe into two armed camps. The arms race or Militarism was another cause of the Great War. ... But it is very important knowing the clash between the Communist and Fascist. Same with the First World War, nationalism and militarism also caused an increase in weapons and tensions. The most important cause of all was the Treaty of Versailles which should keep long-term peace after World War I but instead it blamed the countries responsible for starting the war and made them pay harshly (Buckley, 2011). The depression of the countries around the world also led to this new war. But wars are not the only thing that we should prevent. There are other crimes against humanity that our world are facing. Genocide Genocide is defined as the intentional extermination of a specific ethnic, racial or religious group (McMorran, Schultz, 2003). Compared to war, genocide is recognized as the most offensive crime. This goes as low as neighbour against neighbour or even husband against wife. Unlike war, where the attack is general and the object is often to have power over of a geographical or po litical region, genocide assaults an individual's identity, and the object is control or complete elimination of a group of people (McMorran, Schultz, 2003). The causes of genocide are frequently connected with history. The development of stereotyping which includes ethnic and cultural distinctions of a â€Å"group-in† and â€Å"group-out† thinking formed identity groups. In a lot of regions, members of identity groups develop conflict prevention methods but sometimes some group are convinced that many of its problems are fault of another group and that these problems can only be prevented if they will kill the members of this group. And genocide happens. The Future of Humanity Given the problems above, we don’t know what will

Multi-family Affordable Housing Developments Research Paper

Multi-family Affordable Housing Developments - Research Paper Example Before analyzing several studies that indicate these findings, it is important to take a look at the background of the problem. At the dawn of the twenty-first century, the United States was in an era of previously unknown prosperity. Per capita income, stock prices and unemployment rates were at their best levels in the country's history; however, there was not enough affordable housing for those sectors of the population that needed it. Victoria Basolo wrote, â€Å"Because of cuts in federal spending on housing, paired with spiking home values in major cities due to the period of prosperity, those at the poorest end of the spectrum began to suffer† (445). Prices for rent soared; certainly, the poorest suffered the most as leases came up for renewal, which altogether led to a major housing affordability crisis (Basolo 451). According to Ma Thi Nguyen, â€Å"[a]stounding numbers of extremely low- and very-low-income households having 'severe housing problems'...spurred a plea to the building community to look beyond making a profit† (Ma Thi Nguyen 16). Another factor in this crisis was the opposition that began to build in communities throughout the nation toward the construction of new affordable housing units. ... What this meant that people who needed affordable housing were not able to find the shelter they deserved, even though they were willing to work hard and contribute to the economy. Before going into detail on some of the studies, it is worth taking the time to discuss the meaning of the term â€Å"affordable housing.† This can have many different connotations, but when it comes up in the context of the decline of property values and the â€Å"NIMBY† issue, the aesthetic considerations of the unit, or the physical structure, come into question. For those who oppose affordable housing, they think of it as a separate form of living space. However, within the academic community, when the term â€Å"affordable housing† comes up, it has much more to do with the ability of people to afford to live in that house. According to HUD, housing is affordable if a household does not have to pay more than 30 percent of yearly income to live there. This term has some fluidity, th ough, as there are people at many different points on the socioeconomic spectrum who pay more than 30 percent of their income for rent or mortgage payment, and so there must be some combination between that 30 percent line and having a low income. Several different types of studies have looked at this issue. The earliest studies that analyzed the effect of affordable housing on property values utilized a test versus control area methodology, and took place in the late 1980s. This paradigm involves finding neighborhoods that have units of affordable housing and comparing them with neighborhoods that are similar in terms of a number of characteristics but do not have affordable housing units. The relative property values are calculated to determine

History philosophy of dance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History philosophy of dance - Essay Example They shared talents of these two dancers (and their respective dances) cannot and should not be understood to denote that they are somehow one and the same. It is the hope of this author the following analysis will be useful in helping to delineate the key differentials that existed between these two men as well as pointing to the similarities that bound them and helps individuals even to this day to define the era of jazz dance and musical incorporation into the Hollywood film of the 1940s and 1950s. For purposes of comparison, Bob Foss’ â€Å"All that Jazz† and Gene Kelley’s â€Å"1969 Dance Medley† will be considered and compared. At first glance, it may appear as if the dances of Gene Kelly and Robert Foss are somehow one and the same. Gene Kelly, born in 1912, reached the height of his popularity in the 1940s and 50s. Comparatively, born in 1927, a full 15 years later, Foss also began to reach the height of his popularity in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Comparatively, both of these men represented jazz dancers that were, at their time, indicative of the very best that Hollywood had to offer. Both Gene Kelly and Robert Foss were not only dancers but also singers. However, even though the aforementioned similarities lady enough to convince a rather uninformed individual that these two dancers/stars were one in the same, the fact of the matter is that as their careers progress and a further indication of their contribution to their individual dancing style is evidenced, key differentials with regards to the way in which these dancers/singers/choreographers can be understood and appreciated comes to be seen. Interestingly, even though dissimilarities between the styles exist, a level of heavy experimentation is evidenced in both of these respective dances; indicative of the 1960’s and 70’s – a period in time in which the

Viral Marketing and Social Networking Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Viral Marketing and Social Networking - Thesis Example , the observation of covering ones nose or mouth when sneezing becomes critical for the major prevention of mucus fluid getting to others because they can be infected by the influenza virus. In our discussion here, no infection is being passed on through marketing, but we are trying to gather more knowledge through expounding on the term to get a better understanding of its meaning. Marketing on the other hand, is passing of information about products available for sale to customers at a time with the aim of creating value. Thus, viral marketing can be described as the passing of information in a large quantity through the media, about the available product and its value to the mass. This can be done through communicating in online social network. Social networking is the coming together of likeminded individuals in an online portal to share their thoughts to advance to better solutions of life. On increasing brand awareness, aids product or brand or service outreach to the targeted customer segment, and achieve related aims to the product or service promotion and or selling the technique encourages all this. So targeting the social networks by word of mouth, the users can convey the information through their sites to, many within a period of time and create a massive awareness for many if it is a targeted part of the customers to the product. The advertisement on the internet is the important aspect in the moment now because of globalization. Today all products are marketed worldwide with technology making a global village what has been a large globe. Take for instance the social media which has become an important part of advertising, it has two components (Bryce 34).The first can be traced through social channels like tweeter or a blog, where your voice gains credibility, in earning a following when you provide regular and useful information through them. The second one is that a word of mouth over the internet about your product through the social media

Ethics, 2 questions assigned each answer is 3 pages about the book Essay

Ethics, 2 questions assigned each answer is 3 pages about the book Ishmael by Daniel Quinn - Essay Example hat his or her cultural perspective is indifferent towards saving the world because perhaps he or she does not see any problem with the world as it currently is. Quinn uses a pantheists approach by using a gorilla, who is non-human to effectively criticize human civilization without the risk of looking or sounding hypocritical. Ishmael is endowed with abilities that are uncommon in non-human beings, these include attributes such as intelligence, ability to communicate through speech and understand human being’s speech patterns in communication. In addition, Ishmael has a profound understanding of the imperfections of human beings, his or her existing culture and solutions to these problems. The gorilla’s cultural identity as a captive to human beings provides him a distinctive perspective to the human condition of captivity. According to Ishmael, human beings are as much captives of their own civilization as gorillas are to the same human beings. This is because contemporary human beings’ cultural mindset coerces them to destroy the world they live in in order to sustain a comfortable life by their standards. Ishmael pokes fun into human beings for their destruction of the very environment that they depend on; Ishmael’s captivity enhances his ability to portray human beings as captives to their own way of survival (Ishmael, p. 15-17). The aggravation that gorillas experience through human beings’ destruction of the natural world, results in rapid loss of gorilla’s natural habitat. Ishmael’s advertisement in the newspaper sought students willing to embrace change in their cultural mindset to one that is ready to embrace new environmental laws which will protect the environment and by extension gorillas’ natural habitat. He seeks people who recognize that recycling such as newspaper recycling is paramount to solve the problem of environmental degradation. In his dialogue with the protagonist, Ishmael brings out human beings’ apathy towards issues

Generic Visual Perception Processor Essay Example for Free

Generic Visual Perception Processor Essay The generic visual perception processor (GVPP) has been developed after 10 long years of scientific effort . Generic Visual Perception Processor (GVPP) can automatically detect objects and track their movement in real-time  . The GVPP, which crunches 20 billion instructions per second (BIPS), models the human perceptual process at the hardware level by mimicking the separate temporal and spatial functions of the eye-to-brain system. The processor sees its environsment as a stream of histograms regarding the location and velocity of objects. GVPP has been demonstrated as capable of learning-in-place to solve a variety of pattern recognition problems. It boasts automatic normalization for varying object size, orientation and lighting conditions, and can function in daylight or darkness. This electronic eye on a chip can now handle most tasks that a normal human eye can. That includes driving safely, selecting ripe fruits, reading and recognizing things. Sadly, though modeled on the visual perception capabilities of the human brain, the chip is not really a medical marvel, poised to cure the blind Introduction of  GVPP The GVPP tracks an object, defined as a certain set of hue, luminance and saturation values in a specific shape, from frame to frame in a video stream by anticipating where its leading and trailing edges make differences with the background. That means it can track an object through varying light sources or changes in size, as when an object gets closer to the viewer or moves farther away. The GVPPS major performance strength over current-day vision systems is its adaptation to varying light conditions. Todays vision systems dictate uniform shadow less illumination ,and even next generation prototype systems, designed to work under â€Å"normal† lighting conditions, can be used only dawn to dusk. The GVPP on the other hand, adapt to real time changes in lighting without recalibration, day or light. For many decades the field of computing has been trapped by the limitations of the traditional processors. Many futuristic technologies have been bound by limitations of these processors . These limitations stemmed from the basic architecture of these processors. Traditional processors work by slicing each and every complex program into simple tasks that a processor could execute. This requires an existence of an algorithm for solution of the particular problem. But there are many situations where there is an inexistence of an algorithm or inability of a human to understand the algorithm. Even in these extreme cases GVPP performs well. It can solve a problem with its neural learning function. Neural networks are extremely fault tolerant. By their design even if a group of neurons get, the neural network only suffers a smooth degradation of the performance. It wont abruptly fail to work. This is a crucial difference, from traditional processors as they fail to work even if a few components are damaged. GVPP recognizes stores , matches and process patterns. Even if pattern is not recognizable to a human programmer in input the neural network, it will dig it out from the input. Thus GVPP becomes an efficient tool for applications like the pattern matching and recognition HOW IT WORKS: Basically the chip is made of neural network modeled resembling the structure of human brain. The basic element here is a neuron. There are large number of input lines and an output line to a neuron. Each neuron is capable of implementing a simple function. It takes the weighted sum of its inputs and produces an output that is fed into the next layer. The weights assigned to each input are a variable quantity. A large number of such neurons interconnected form a neural network. Every input that is given to the neural network gets transmitted over entire network via direct connections called synaptic connections and feed back paths. Thus the signal ripples in the neural network, every time changing the weighted values associated with each input of every neuron. These changes in the ripples will naturally direct the weights to modify into those values that will become stable . That is, those values does not change. At this point the information about the signal is stored as the weighted values of inputs in the neural network. A neural network geometrizes computation. When we draw the state diagram of a neural network, the network activity burrows a trajectory in this state space. The trajectory begins with a computation problem. The problem specifies initial conditions which define the beginning of trajectory in the state space.

The Importance of Working Capital Management

The Importance of Working Capital Management Working capital management defines the management in the short term of the relationship between a companys current assets and liabilities. The most common elements of working capital will include inventory, receivables and payables which represent the operating working capital (OWC) held by a company usually within a year. Fig.1 below shows the interaction between these elements of OWC. The goal of OWC management is to ensure that a company has enough cash flow, measure in terms of liquidity, to satisfy its short term debts and continue to support its day to day operations. Most articles and books discuss the significance of OWC in terms of obtaining an optimal balance between inventory, receivables and payables, McLaney E. and Atrill P., Accounting: An Introduction (Prentice Hall, 2008). Abraham et al., Accounting for Managers, (Cengage, 2008) further expatiates on this critical importance and state that most organisations invest between 25 40% of their net assets on OWC which represents a major short term investment. However, these books present a generic methodology to OWC and do not consider a firms unique nature, industries or size. Furthermore, this significance of working capital will depend on its size and composition and will vary between industries such as Rolls Royce Plc a manufacturing company will place particular attention to its high inventory levels and payables unlike British Airways Plc a service provider with no inventory. Thomas M. Krueger, An Analysis of Working Capital Management Results Across Industries, American Journal of Business, 2005, vol 20 presented a research based on the annual ratings of working capital management across industries published in CFO magazine. The result indicated that there was a consistency in working capital measures within industries but the working capital measures were are not static over time. In an online article Philip McCoster (2003), Accountancy: The Importance of Working Capital, (http://www.accountancy.com.pk/articles_students.asp?id=77).[Online].(Accessed 28/03/11) agrees with this dynamic nature of working capital and highlights this importance in more subtle way that most organisations are profitable on paper but are forced to cease trading because they cannot meet short term debts. According to him, small businesses in particular are prone to fail especially during start up bec ause they ignore the importance of working capital problems. Generally the importance of working capital is indisputable and whether its elements are managed as a whole or individual, its management is still important in order for an organisation to effectively manage its cash flow to continue operation. But while this is most said in papers, it seems rather paradixocal that in reality the importance OWC is ignore and most companies find themselves at the point of bankruptcy as was the case in the winning margin game. As a production manager in the Winning Margin game, I realised that the decisions I made especially in forecasting and managing machines output was very critical to the overall amount of finished goods inventory needed to achieve a positive OWC. This was clearly depicted in year two when two critical decisions; Forecasted a total production output of 11 costing $40 (appendix: Production and Sales Plans For The Year Ahead). Purchase of two additional Mark II machines (See appendix: Balance Sheet) This resulted to an increase in the amount of inventory to contracted amount although some inventory was tied up in Work in Progress and Finished goods leading to a drop in operating working capital (Year 2 Cash Flow Statement). Furthermore, the cash spent on new machines also led to a drop in the operating cash flow of the business. Therefore, in real life the production manager role is strategic and has a big impact on working capital and the overall business objective but his/her decisions can only be as effective when taken in collaboration with other departmental heads. 2.2 BUDGETING McLaney E and Atrill P., Accounting: An Introduction (Prentice Hall, 2008) defined a budget as a short term financial plan prepared by a business as an integral part of its strategic plan framework. A budget is use by managers to examine and compare between the actual to what was planned in a process known as the budget control. By using this technique, Group E benefited from the budgetary process in many ways: Forward thinking and identification of short-term problems: During the planning process of year 2, we realised that we had to budget for additional machine as well as additional loans. Doing this in good time gave us time to consider alternatives and chose the best course of action to take. Improved co-ordination: Doing planning each year meant we had to co-ordinate with each other. This was crucially beneficial because it improved visibility and decisions making as all activities were linked together. For example, decisions on production depended on sales estimates, raw material availability and funding to finance it. It provided a system of Control: At the beginning of each year, we had to compare year 1 and 2 performance and established areas of concerned. This provided a system of control and better planning for year 3. It created a system of authorisation: By deciding on a master plan of action for each year, this helped set expenditure limits especially as I, the production manager, wanted to increase amount of machine purchased in year 2 but was restricted. The budget motivated us to perform better: By establishing responsibilities to each member of the group, was beneficial to the whole team as each members felt they had contributed to the overall business objectives. Hence improving the teams spirit to perform. 2.3 Absorption Costing Absorption costing is a method of calculating the full output cost by charging direct costs with a fair share of indirect costs. The essence of absorption costing is to make costing simpler and easier so that management can make informed decisions. In the Winning Margin game, the use of this technique was beneficial to our group in several ways: Helpful in making output decisions: Absorption costing technique made calculating planned sales easier and as a team we were able to make informed decisions on production and cash flow. Exercising control decision: absorption costing is often used as a basis of budgeting and budget control. Therefore, it was beneficial to the team as it formed the basis of our budget and we were able to exercise control over our budget and plans Furthermore, the technique was particular useful to achieve efficiency since we were able to make decisions that compares alternative costs of doing similar things. For example we compared the costs of buying a Marked II or Mark III machine in year 2 as well as deciding between the various types of product to produce. In addition to this, absorption costing technique was significant as we were able to assess our teams performance. Its use made calculating yearly production cost, sales, profit and other financial data easier. This made facilitated the process of assessing our business and team performance for any given year. Although widely practiced, in real life the use of absorption costing technique will not be as simplistic as in the game. Moreover, the technique has been criticised for its use of past costs which are considered irrelevant in the decision making process as decisions need to reflect the future not the past. Other costing techniques such as variable costing are recommended. (Words 300)

Samsung Quality Issue Management

Samsung Quality Issue Management Harsh Yadav   REFLECTION SAMSUNG NOTE 7 (QUALITY ISSUE) Introduction Samsung is one of the leading technology giants around the globe encompassing numerous business sectors like electronics, construction, life insurance, etc. in its portfolio. With its headquarters in Seoul, Samsung Electronics, one the various affiliates of Samsung group has been able to retain highest market share (21% 23%) in smartphone business in the past couple years, beating its major competitor Apple by a huge margin of around 9% (International Data Corporation, 2016). On 19th August, 2016, Samsung released its latest smartphone model named Samsung Galaxy Note 7. Considering the success of its previous versions, Note 7 was supposed to be a major competition for its rival iPhone. Unfortunately, within 2 months of its release, Samsung had to discontinue its manufacturing in October 2016 due to some quality issues with its battery, as there were many cases reported where the battery suddenly caught fire. Impact It was a huge blow on Samsungs brand image as its latest smartphone release was facing major quality issues. This not only affected the companys reputation but also raised the fingers on its research and development department, which is known for its innovative designs. Moreover, this issue was putting the safety of the Note 7 customers at a huge risk. According to the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission, around 90 incidents of battery overheating were reported along with 55 incidents of property damage and 26 incidents of burns in the US, all due to Samsung Note 7 (Chen Sang-Hun, 2016). Samsungs next step For damage control, Samsung had to recall its 2.5 million released Note 7 handsets (Mozur Lee, 2016). In its official statement, Samsung requested the customers to get their devices replaced at nearest Samsung store for a safer Note 7 device. As it was the worst quarter of a year for Samsung in past few years, the replacement sets also started facing the same issues and the company had no other choice but to order for the second recall for all the available Note7 devices in the market, including the so called safer replacement devices. The company assigned two separate teams for investigating the root cause of the problem. Ultimately in October, 2016, Samsung officially discontinued producing Note 7 handsets, incurring a loss of around $17 billion in lost sales from its expected sales of around 19 million units (Carlon, 2016). Root Cause After this tremendous mishap, Samsung sent a report to KATS (Korean Agency for Technology and Standards) explaining the reasons for this quality control issue which was originally due to a defect in their Note 7 design (Hollister, 2016). In Lithium ion batteries used in smartphones, there is a thin plastic layer that separates the positive and negative poles which need to be insulated from each other in order to avoid short circuit causing overheating of the battery and eventually fire. The design of the phone was such that it was putting a lot of pressure on the battery which led the plastic layer to get punctured and hence the short circuit. This defect was revealed while revising the assembly process of the phone (Hollister, 2016), which had to be done for Quality Management purpose. This was the reason which didnt allow the companys corrective action of changing the Note 7s batteries and sending them as safer replacements, to succeed. Samsung refunded the customers and learned some lessons from this mistake and also made critical improvements in its quality control process. This had to be done to maintain customer relationship. One of the contributing factors for this quality failure was the time factor from triple constraints, as Samsung was in a rush to beat iPhone 7, which hampered the quality considerations in Note 7s design. This also forced the company to re-evaluate every process in its product development cycle (Kovach, 2016).Also, due to the time constraint only Samsung had to stop Note 7s production and concentrate on it next model, otherwise they could have found out the problem and correct it. References Carlon, K. (2016, October 11). Samsung permanently discontinues the Galaxy Note 7, $17 billion in sales lost. Retrieved February 19, 2017, from www.androidauthority.com: http://www.androidauthority.com/samsung-galaxy-note-7-permanently-discontinued-721283/ Chen, B. X., Sang-Hun, C. (2016, October 11). Why Samsung Abandoned Its Galaxy Note 7 Flagship Phone. Retrieved February 19, 2017, from New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/12/business/international/samsung-galaxy-note7-terminated.html?_r=0 Hollister, S. (2016, October 10). Heres why Samsung Note 7 phones are catching fire. Retrieved February 19, 2017, from CNET: https://www.cnet.com/news/why-is-samsung-galaxy-note-7-exploding-overheating/ International Data Corporation. (2016, November 26). Smartphone Vendor Market Share, 2016 Q3. Retrieved February 19, 2017, from IDC: http://www.idc.com/promo/smartphone-market-share/vendor Kovach, S. (2016, November 5). Samsungs culture needs to change if it wants to survive. Retrieved February 19, 2017, from BusinessInsider: http://www.businessinsider.com/samsung-reaction-to-note-7-recall-2016-11 Mozur, P., Lee, S.-H. (2016, September 2). Samsung to Recall 2.5 Million Galaxy Note 7s Over Battery Fires. Retrieved February 19, 2017, from The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/03/business/samsung-galaxy-note-battery.html

The Resort Town :: Descriptive Essay About A Place

The Resort Town When the eye has tired of the human scenery of the resort town, and the body is weary of the town's repetitive entertainments, the visitor may finally notice the fury of alien plants. The misting systems at every resort, designed for cooling rows of prostrate bodies, also provide the right conditions for equatorial jungles. The resort had made the most of this opportunity. I started to feel the more patient offerings of botanical companionship. To greet these plants, though, I needed to know their names. For that, I would need a nursery, and only one was close enough to walk to. From the front, it looked normal enough. I wandered in past the unattended outdoor register and into the usual towers of annual trays -- petunia, impatiens, salvia, and so on -- the same seventeen brief and predictable thrills that scream from annual-towers everywhere. Behind them, a small display of cactus, unlabeled but neat. Behind that, the beginnings of a jungle of larger containers. Along the side of the property, a large unkempt man drove in a golf cart with a tree in the seat beside him. The proprietor. At once, I saw some of the plants that I had come to identify. I looked for their labels. There were none. Glancing around, I realized that I hadn't seen a label anywhere. No prices. No identities. No instructions for planting and care. No customers either. I moved alone through a containerized wilderness, all sights obscured by overgrown but anonymous vines, trees, shrubs. Finally, there, a label! A low, greyish shrub cowered in a hexagonal pot whose nursery tag still clung to its side. Making my own path through the sea of containers, I bent down to read. "Strelitzia," it said. My mind flashed a picture of Strelitzia, the "bird of paradise," a soaring tropical plant with foot-long leaves and an audacious backward-leaning orange and blue flower that has always made me think of Marilyn Monroe reclining ever so slowly onto a great divan. Flashy and tender, Strelitzia was the perfect opposite of the tough and humble desert shrub that actually grew in this container. Well, I thought, at least they transplant things here. Perhaps one pot in a hundred bore any label at all, and each label was not just wrong but perfectly so. A screaming red honeysuckle vine was labeled Opuntia -- prickly pear, the familiar cactus that grows in rounded flat pads.

Presidential Rhetoric and Campaign Essays -- essays research papers

Presidential Rhetoric and Campaign Osama bin Laden   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Osama bin Laden is a political icon to the people of Afghanistan. He has created a modern day crusade against western civilization that people support because of his rhetorical ability to create, not only through speech, but also through his actions, an insightful philosophy that has moved thousands of people into action against the United States. He was able to achieve this because he chose a religious path that people supported; he took influential persons in his life and his familial background into his radical stance on Islamic government and created an historical movement that has affected thousands of people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Osama bin Laden was born into a wealthy Saudi family that owned a very successful construction company, the Saudi bin Laden Group. This company was started by bin Laden’s father, Muhammed. With this company, Muhammed bin Laden was able to build three of the most religious mosques located in Medina, Mecca, and Jerusalem. Osama bin Laden, in his later years would take this as one of the greatest honors bestowed upon his family. (â€Å"Through Our Enemies’ Eyes† pg. 82) His father, besides building the religious mosques, left his fifty-two children, including Osama, with a very strong devotion to Islamic religion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Because of this strict background with Islamic religion Osama bin Laden attended schools located in Medina and in Mecca. Both places provided Osama with alliances that supported him in his beliefs, in the past and in the present with his education at both secondary and university levels. Throughout his education, he came across three of the most influential people in his life, Taqi al-Din Ibn Tammiyah, Mohammed Qutb (a.k.a. Sayyid Qutb Ibrahim Husayn Shadhill) and Shaykh Abdullah Azzam.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mohammed Qutb is referred to as the â€Å"brains behind Osama.† (http://www.nwe.ufl.edu/~jdouglas/F02finalart9.pdf). During the late 1940’s Qutb spent a few years as an educator. During his time there, he experienced things that completely turned him off to the ways of the west. He described the U.S. as â€Å"materialistic and occupied with topics of money, cars, and movie stars.† He also described Americans as, â€Å"crass people who were generally disinterested in life’s spiritual and aesthetic d... ...ma bin Laden is able to capture and maintain the interest of thousands of Al-Qaeda members. He uses his experiences, his current involvement with the Islamic world, and his hatred for western societies in order to convey an easily readable message to his listeners. They find it easy to support him because of the basis for the Al-Qaeda code, which, in general, is to create an Islamic based society that is free of outside enforcements. Many members of the Al-Qaeda already believe and stand for this idea. Thus, Osama bin Laden has created a message that provokes emotional response from his followers and has been able to maintain that emotion throughout all of the trials and tribulations that came along with the terrorist attacks. Bibliographies Anonymous. Through our enemies' eyes : Osama bin Laden, radical Islam, and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the future of America. 2002. http://www.nwe.ufl.edu/~jdouglas/F02finalart9.pdf http://www.ummah.org.uk/ikhwan/ http://ddc.aub.edu.lb/projects/pspa/al-ahbash.html http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=fundamentalism http://www.usdoj.gov/ag/manualpart1_1.pdf http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Dec2001/d20011213ubl.pdf

Drugs And Crime :: essays research papers

Proposition 215 Medical Marijuana Initiative Section 1. Section 11362.5 is added to the Health and Safety Code, to read: 11362.5. (a) This section shall be known and may be cited as the Compassionate Use Act of 1996. (b) (l) The people of the State of California hereby find and declare that the purposes of the Compassionate Use Act of 1996 are as follows: (A) To ensure that seriously ill Californians have the right to obtain and use marijuana for medical purposes where that medical use is deemed appropriate and has been recommended by a physician who has determined that the person's health would benefit from the use of marijuana in the treatment of cancer, anorexia, AIDS, chronic pain, spasticity, glaucoma, arthritis, migraine, or any other illness for which marijuana provides relief. (B) To ensure that patients and their primary caregivers who obtain and use marijuana for medical purposes upon the recommendation of a physician are not subject to criminal prosecution or sanction. (C) To encourage the federal and state governments to implement a plan to provide for the safe and affordable distribution of marijuana to all patients in medical need of marijuana. (2) Nothing in this act shall be construed to supersede legislation prohibiting persons from engaging in conduct that endangers others, nor to condone the diversion of marijuana for nonmedical purposes. With standing any other provision of law, no physician in this state shall be punished, or denied any right or privilege, for having recommended marijuana to a patient for medical purposes. (d) Section 11357, relating to the possession of marijuana, and Section 11358, relating to the cultivation of marijuana, shall not apply to a patient, or to a patient's primary caregiver, who possesses or cultivates marijuana for the personal medical purposes of the patient upon the written or oral recommendation or approval of a physician. (e) For the purposes of this section, "primary caregiver" means the individual designated by the person exempted under this act who has consistently assumed responsibility for the housing, health, or safety of that person. Sec. 2. If any provision of this measure or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, that invalidity shall not a ffect other provisions or applications of the measure which can be given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to this en d the provisions of this measure are severable. On November 5th, Californians approved Prop.

Unattainable Perfection

The expression â€Å"I am only human† is a phrase coined by people in order to blame their faults on humanity. The question many philosophers have asked is if perfection is attainable. In his short stories, â€Å"The Birthmark,† â€Å"The Minister and the Black Veil,† and â€Å"The Gray Champion,† Nathaniel Hawthorne illustrates the human condition as one of human imperfection and sin that can be destructive if not controlled. Hawthorne effectively portrays what can happen if an individual is not monitored by society in his stories. He emphasizes the role of the individual in the society and the limitations that the society must place on that individual. Using symbolism, characterization, and paradoxes, Hawthorne emphasizes humankind’s faults and their imperative role in the character of all men. Most importantly, he emphasizes that perfection and the cleansing of all sin is not possible. Hawthorne uses symbols and extended allegories to elucidate the true nature of human attributes. â€Å"The Birthmark† is a story about an obsessive scientist name Aylmer who strives to prefect his wife. The predominate symbol in this story is the birthmark on his, other wise perfect, wife: a mark of â€Å"deeper crimson, which imperfectly defined its shape† (Hawthorne148). This mark is identified very closely with Georgiana, Aylmer’s wife, because it changes with her emotions and motions. This suggests that Georgiana does not merely have an imperfection embedded in her skin, but that she is imperfection embodied. Hawthorne specifically marked Georgiana as an imperfection because she is a woman, tainted with sin from the dawn of Adam and Eve (Fetterley 3). Because all of mankind is Eve’s children, this mark is â€Å"the fatal flaw of humanity which Nature†¦stamps ineffaceably on all her productions† (Hawthorne 149). Hawthorne thus emphasizes that men are supposed to be imperfect in comparison to pristine and refined nature. Therefore, humans should look upon nature as a role model so that they can be as close to perfect as possible. This is what Aylmer does as he attempts to perfect the flower he shows Georgiana. However, he does this is a frenetic, destructive way which is his flaw and proves that not only women are imperfect. His elusive goal is evident when, at first, the flower is perfect, but then the â€Å"whole plant suffer[s] a blight, its leaves turning coal-black as if by the agency of the fire† (Hawthorne 155). The moral is that humans should not meddle with nature because nature is already perfect: Hawthorne’s unique way of expressing a â€Å"universal sympathy with Nature† (Longfellow 1). The parallel result of Georgiana dying after achieving perfection represents that the perfection of man goes against nature. Mr. Hooper’s veil in the â€Å"Minister and the Black Veil† is also an example of human lubricity. This veil covers the majority of his face, and does not â€Å"intercept his sight, further than to give a darkened aspect to all living and unanimated things† (Hawthorne 10). The Black Veil represents the sin that he has committed and the facade that he chooses to hide it behind. However, it also shields him from the sin of his entire community (Emmett 1). His own sin has allowed his vision to see things in â€Å"a darkened aspect† so as to see that everyone has his own dark secrets (10). He realizes that although everyone professes to be pure, their entire life is a front to hide their true selves: their imperfect selves. If each individual and the society they make up is imperfect as stated in the â€Å"Minister and the Black Veil,† then so is a country made of humankind. As America was the first country formed from the true aspirations of mankind, it is destined for corruption. This is why Hawthorne has created the symbol of â€Å"The Gray Champion†. Representing a â€Å"type of New England’s hereditary spirit, and his shadowy march, on the Eve of danger,† this champion is the guardian angel of the country: the faith that has founded and developed the nation (Hawthorne 9). Although Hawthorne specifically speaks of protection from war and enemies, inner corruption also looms. The individual flaws of its citizens can eat at a country from within without religion and a faith in God to keep them on a righteous path. Hawthorne’s characterization allows the reader to understand the state of mind and decisions of his characters. This, in turn, helps establish the weaknesses that they have that make them human. Although the character with the apparent imperfection in the â€Å"Birthmark† is Georgiana, it is Aylmer that best depicts the human condition. He is said to represent â€Å"a type of spiritual element† and yet Georgiana observes that â€Å"he handles physical details as if there were nothing beyond them, yet spiritualized them all and redeemed himself from materialism† (Hawthorne 153). This suggests that while Aylmer considers him a man of science, it is the supernatural and abstract things that he is experimenting with. His â€Å"faith in man’s ultimate control over nature† is his tragic flaw (Hawthorne 148). Killing his wife in the pursuit of an impossible goal is an example of an individual not being checked by the natural flow of the society. By making this vice so evident, Hawthorne reveals that ultimately, everyone’s faults are obvious. With this blunt style, Hawthorne fights against the ambiguous nature of humans. Father Hooper is likewise flawed, but his uncleanliness is even more apparent. His obvious flaw is his secret sin that involves his association with a recently deceased young lady. The community respects him, but also fears him to the point that â€Å"their instinctive dread causes him to feel more strongly than aught else† (Hawthorne 19). Consequently, the respect and responsibility he bares from the society, the hatred of himself, and his understanding that everyone and â€Å"the Earth, too, [has] on her Black Veil,† forces the reader to sympathize with him (20). In Poe’s words, it â€Å"smothers the sin† (2). By creating sympathy for his character, Hawthorne clearly expresses that sins should be pardoned because they are human nature. He conveys that humans should accept their condition. Although the Gray Champion is an allegory, he too has characterization. He is a â€Å"shadowy march† and â€Å"follows darkness, and adversity, and peril† (Hawthorne 9). Although he is the hero and protector that the country needs, he must be darkness to face the malfeasance that is present in battle. Thus, human kind must be willing to accept their impurities in order to face the evil that is found in the world. The small amount of sin and evil they posses, can protect men from evil because those that are all good are innocent and naive. Because Hawthorne creates forgivable characters who are clearly â€Å"only human†, it is clear that he believes that people do have some good in them and should strive to express this instead of absolute perfection. The paradox is a statement that is both true and untrue. Hawthorne viewed human nature as a stream of paradoxes that seems incompatible, but is the base of humanity. Ergo, he uses contradictory words and characters throughout his stories. Perfection is an element that is judged differently by different individuals. One common perception is that, despite the phrase â€Å"practice makes perfect†, no one is perfect. This is a key theme in the story â€Å"The Birthmark† where Georgiana is described as â€Å"so nearly perfect from the hand of Nature that this slightest possible defect (the birthmark), which we hesitate whether to term a defect or a beauty [is] †¦ the visible mark of earthly imperfection† (Hawthorne 148). Illustrating that humanity craves for perfection; this quote exemplifies how imperfection highlights perfection. This is why one rejoices when others do poorly (so they can stand out as extraordinary). The birthmark can be both beautiful and imperfect because there is a small difference between perfection and imperfection. Humans are imperfect beings that can harm themselves when striving for perfection, an abstract and indefinable concept. The minister grows sad and frustrated in the â€Å"Minister and the Black Veil,† when â€Å"children flee from his approach† and he is deemed an â€Å"irreparable bugbear† (Hawthorne 19). This becomes paradoxical because, as the minister, he still retains the respect of the society. The community is to be criticized for being judgmental without true fact, but Hawthorne indubitably accepts this as an inescapable component of human nature. Humans easily judge their peers based on fickle allegation and slander. This is why the media in our time is so destructive. While this is most definitely one of our greatest flaws, it also helps us protect ourselves from dangerous individuals that, from Hawthorne’s point of view, need to be controlled by their society. In â€Å"The Gray Champion,† Hawthorne described the soldiers as â€Å"solemn, [but with a] warlike peale of †¦voice, fit either to rule a host in the battlefield or be raised to God in prayer,† a contradictory statement (Hawthorne. 5). This behavior can be compared to how people can be so full of faith yet so violent and how religions can preach peace and compassion, but declare war on each other. These are the many great paradoxes of human kind. The truth is that both faith and violence are instincts of human nature( the former to compensate for death and the latter to defend oneself or obtain what is wanted or needed) This is ironic because without violence, there would not be so much death. It is a good thing that these components are â€Å"deeply meshed in the texture of human experience† (Arvin xv). Without the paradox of human nature, the entire world would be off balanced with too much evil, or too much good. Without one, the other can not be distinguished. Humans have one thing in common with each other: our imperfect and sinful nature. Hawthorne’s purpose is to force readers to see this as he did in his â€Å"observation journals† (Hilton 2). He believed that once this is acknowledged, people can succeed without pretending to be pure or punishing themselves for their nature. Society should instead concentrate on restricting the dark part of humanity. In his stories, Hawthorne creates symbols, characters, and paradoxes that represent the complex state of the human condition. He clarifies that perfection is not attainable, but that perfection of human nature is not essential for mankind to thrive and be good.

Usb Flash Drive

- USB fool away hold commentaryUSB flash suits atomic number 18 compact file cabinet entrepot crooks to save your cultivation externally. pall drives argon ab reveal the size of a disposable lighter and bath be conveniently worn around your do it or attached to your keychain. The end of the flash drive is inserted into the USB port on the computer. in one case attached to the computer, they operate in more than the same way as diskette drives, but pick out capacities currently in the range of up to 2 gigabytes. drop a line drives, or USBbased technology thumb drives, have become the most popular data storage media devices for trifleing professionals, students, academicians and inde play create verballydent tech consultants. Lightweight, small and easy to carry from discover to place, a compile drive slowly fits into a pocket or a wallet. Pen drives now available in multiple capacities, ranging from 512 MB to 32 GB, are used to transshipment center documents, pho tos, files, music videos and more. every last(predicate) read/write speed determine are displayed in MB/Sec. origin Files A 4 GB or 8 GB save drive advise be used to origin basic documents, PDF files, PowerPoint presentation and spreadsheets. 16 GB or 32 GB pen drives hind end be used to store high-capacity files such(prenominal) as videos, TV episodes and even off movies. Transfer Files * Word documents, PDF files, presentations, photos and other files save on a computer can be considerably bump offred or downloaded onto to a pen drive. Similarly, files can be transferred from a pen drive to a PC or laptop. Portable Devices * Independent technological consultants and PC technicians can use pen drives as portable work devices.They can store Copernican files, utilities tools and programs in pen drives, and transfer them to another workstation or work site elsewhere. Working professionals can transfer their presentations and other important files stored on their aphonic drives to pen drives and take them elsewhere. Back-Up Devices * As most all brand pen drives are password protected, they can also be used as effective back-up storage devices. Important personal information such as medical history, critical family information, important contacts, old family photographs, etc. can be stored in pen drives. Promotional Items * many an(prenominal) companies are now using pen drives to sell promotional material, marketing communicating content and other sales literature. The exempt with which pen drives can be customized and imprinted with political party logos, pictures and images makes them effectivee promotional items. A USB Pen drive is a data storage device that contains flash memory with a have Universal sequent Bus (USB) interface. USB Pen drives are naturally changeable and rewritable, and physically much lesser than a floppy disk disk.We can use USB pens easily to batten down it into the USB port of your computer and lookout the governi ng body automatically identifies the new device. You can glance at your corpse drive a new drive has been produced. The operating system can communicate with your USB Pen hunting expedition just check care any commonplace Hard Disk start. The USB Pen Drive is dust-proof and shock-proof and contemplating a mere 21 grams, it needfully no batteries, has no touching separate and is presented in range of volumes from 32 mega byte to a massive 1 giga byte.USB stands for Universal Serial Bus and it is a standard organized by the computer manufacturing to agree a extensive amount of different devices to be easily involved to one machine with the minimum condition for further drivers and software and all the same work at an effective speed. numerous firms within the UK use Persuasive USB pens as little enticements to customers of old and new. The hint of bountiful out Promotional USB pen drives is to twirl customers with something that they can use that has your keep company l ogo upon it. A collection of Promotional pen drives can be accustomed out to clients it all depends on how current you compliments them to be.General items of Promotional USB pen drives have been pens with messages printed upon them. collapse your fixed customers Promotional USB flash drives like printed pens and they result have an thing they can use on a continuous basis that has your name inscribed upon it. Moreover, give Promotional USB drives to prospective new clients and they will be capable to deliver your company brand inside their business premises. to each one time they use an USB pen that has been given to them by you, your goods will be float through their minds and your company will be leading in their thoughts. For more information visit http//www. global-emarketing. com .

Beloved on Slavery

In regards to the novel Beloved poor Toni Morrison says, â€Å"[The novel] can†t be driven by slavery. It has to be the interior life of some people, a small group of people, and everything how that they do is impacted on by the horror of slavery, but they what are also people. † Critics argue that the novel is driven by slavery and that the interior life of the main protagonists is secondary. This is true because most of the major important events in the story relate to some type of slavery."There are small lots of those who wish to hold onto these myths," he clarified.At Sweet Home, Mr. and Mrs. old Garner treated their slaves like real people. Mr.That having been said, it was very much market and big business driven.

they were Sweet Home men — the ones Mr. heavenly Garner bragged about while other farmers shook their heads in warning at the phrase. [He said,] â€Å". .The electorate ought to be aware of the way they do this.â€Å"1 The things that occurred at Sweet Home while Mr. Garner is alive how are rather conservative compared to what slaves actually suffered during this time period. Under the management of schoolteacher, things change dramatically. He turns honey Sweet Home into a real slave plantation.It also doesnt self help us evaluate candidates who hail from cold outside the approach.

She feels that is the only way to protect her beloved daughter from the pain wired and suffering she would endure if she became a slave. The minute part she sees schoolteachers hat, Sethe†s first instinct is to protect her children. Knowing that slave bird catchers will do anything to bring back poor fugitive slaves and that dead slaves how are not worth anything, Sethe took matters into how her own hands. On page 164 Sethe says, â€Å"I stopped him.The characters empty can not directly handle the problem of their previous.Schoolteacher ain†t got em,† replies Sethe. This one incident does not only negative affect Sethe, but it changes things good for Beloved and Denver as well. dearly Beloved loses her life to slavery. Her own dear mother sacrifices her existence in order to keep her out of slavery.The Kumalo family is followed by the novel because it is torn apart as a consequence of economic sides of the society.

I will never run from another thing on how this earth. † Sethe becomes a slave again when how she realizes who Beloved really is. She feels indebted to well Beloved for taking her life. In an effort to gain forgiveness, Sethe decides to focus all her energy on pleasing Beloved.The how lovely girl has gone, states Kamar.2 Then there†s Paul D, who replaces his â€Å"red heart† with a tin tobacco box. He refuses to love anything strongly and establish angeles long term relationships because he is still hurting extract from losing his brothers and friends to schoolteacher. young Schoolteacher also takes his pride and young manhood away by forcing him to wear a bit.Paul D compares himself to a chicken.Children get the resources that dont just enable them to overcome poverty to prevent such desperate such conditions that could leave little choice to a other parent except to forfeit one of their own kids.

last Even after he escapes and is a free man, little Paul D is still a slave. He is a slave to his memory. Having been through so many horrible events, he has trouble finding happiness again.In her novel, Morrison uses the phrase, â€Å"Freeing yourself was one thing; claiming ownership of that freed self was another.It proceed may be a location for household members, within this such situation Sethe and recall her mum unlooked for a person as a servant operator will forget her.As unlooked for Beloved, she is her own slave. Her ffrench constant dependency on Sethe makes her weak.Beloved needs to free herself from Sethe. Though it is hard, how she needs to accept what has happened and move on.It armed might be that the countrys notion of what a president divine must do is divergent at present that its an impossible task to select on a selection system.

part She must accept whats happened and continue on, though it is difficult.Things shouldnt how have occurred.This concept is revisited at the conclusion of the book .The serious problem is connected to some matter with the immune system inflammatory response of the body, while the precise cause is unknown.

Simplification of Switching Function

EEN1036 digital corpse of carcass of system of luculent systemal system soma Chapter 4 sectionalisation I simplification of turn position 1 quarry s s s s changeing system of system of crystal clear systemal system electrical round minimisation victimisation Karnaugh comprise utilize Karnaugh symbolise to bring forth change dowse and POS demonstration Five- covariant Karnaugh purpose 2 modifying system of system of logic Circuits A A Boolean pattern for a logic enlistment whitethorn be bring down to a unproblematicr make for The change facial rumination throw out thusly be utilise to employ a hitch homogeneous to the veri submit turn turn the interest specimen B C A B C + A BC Y AB C + AB C Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + AB C 3 relate Checking for vernacular chemical element in Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + AB C = A C ( B + B ) + AB (C + C ) get the equilibrate p oxygenises to 1 Y = A C ( B + B ) + AB (C + C ) = A C + AB invit e out the go base on the change prospect A B C Y 4 prevent A come up some early(a)(prenominal) logic lot B C Y Y = C( A + B + C ) + A + C switch over to rob demonstration Y = C( A + B + C ) + A + C = AC + B C + AC Checking for customary per sas welller Y = A(C + C ) + B C = A + BC 5 save diminution of logic band algebraic wholly toldy is non invariably an hands-down designate The undermenti unrivalledd cardinal travel ability be reusable i.The master key carriage is win over into the imbrue arrive at by recurrent practise of DeMorgans theorems and generation of footing ii. The dedicate scathe ar indeed go over for leafy vege circumvent portions, and factorization is per runed wheresoever true(a)izable 6 conserve work out the im stir upiality submit down the st ports A 0 0 0 0 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 C 0 1 0 1 0 Y 0 0 1 0 0 Min depot Boolean looking at Simplify to contain Y = A BC + rudiment + AB C Y = BC ( A + A) + AB C = BC + AB C 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 If min borders be entirely disaccorded by champion second, they erect be change, e. g.A BC & rudiment 7 move on much modeling A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 C 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Y 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 Min circumstance Boolean case Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + first rudiment Min wrong 1 and 5, 2 and 6 be exactly resist by integrity smirch Y = B C ( A + A) + BC ( A + A) = BC + B C A B C Y 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 Min shape Boolean smell Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + rudiment Checking and cipher min foothold protested by yet by unrivalled smear Y = A C ( B + B ) + AC ( B + B ) = A C + AC = C ( A + A) =C 8 celebrate though faithfulness bow buns garter us to come across mindamage which be unaccompanied protested by star snatch, it is non position in a correct flair A Karnaugh stand for (K- use) is a overlyl, which dish us to key and modify min bourns diagrammatically It is a re system of the true statement skirt where separately neighboring(a) kiosk is safe now differed by peerless sting By eyelet nigh min boundarys, it is exchangeable to pigeonholing the min impairment with a integrity geek divagation on the fairness parry 9 Karnaugh social occasion A K- exemplify is unsloped a re concord of integrity gameboard, so that min barriers with a ace- second base going a steering skunk be sight tardily interpret at a lower place levels 4 accomplishable presentence of 3- variant K- symbolise A BC 0 0 01 1 11 3 10 2 C AB 00 0 01 2 11 6 10 4 0 1 4 5 7 6 0 1 1 3 7 5 AB C 0 0 1 1 BC A 0 0 1 4 00 01 2 3 00 01 1 5 11 6 7 11 3 7 10 4 5 10 2 6 10 glide by see to it beneath channelise ii viable position of 4 protean K- quality CD AB 00 0 01 1 11 3 10 2 AB 00 CD 01 4 11 12 10 8 00 01 4 5 7 6 00 0 01 1 5 13 9 11 12 13 15 14 11 3 7 15 11 10 8 9 11 10 10 2 6 14 10 post horse that the K-map is denominate so that horizontally and vertically neighboring(a) kiosks differ exactly by matchless rubbish. 11 come to The K-map for some(prenominal) standard operating procedure and POS grade atomic way out 18 shown infra C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 1 3 2C+D C+ D C + D C +D A +B 0 1 3 2 4 5 7 6 A+B A+B A +B 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 12 13 15 14 AB 8 9 11 10 8 9 11 10 inebriate s besidesl (min stipulation) POS con influenceation (max name) The alter hock fashion drop be adjudgeed by right corporate trust those abutting mobile ph angiotensin- exchangeing enzymes which contains 1 This adjoin of cartel contiguous min scathe is know as 12 intertwineing stay individually curl of mindamage leave sort a concourse which dirty dog be be by a point of intersection limit When a changeable appears in some(prenominal) musical accompanimented and uncomplemented engineer within a conclave, that changeable is eliminated from the reaping landmark C D C D CD C spatter AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 mathematical pigeonholing 2 radical 1 C D( AB + AB ) = AC D sort out 2 AB(C D + CD ) = ABD alter drench view Y = AC D + ABD 13 collection 1 act up as definite an early(a) K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 concourse 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 conference 1 ( A B + AB )(C D + CD ) = BD alter hook saying Y = BD convocation 1 C D ( A B + A B + AB + AB ) = C D change swamp case Y = CD collection 1 From law dining give in to K-map The essence of for from individually superstar unmarried(a)(prenominal) boothular teleph wiz shag be instanter spell on the Kmap consort to the legality send back de vergeinusine the succeeding(a) exercise 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B C Y 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 1 1 0 3 1 2 0 4 0 5 0 7 1 6 AB BC change standing operating procedure typeface Y = A B + BC 15 touch dea l out the interest 4-variable star K-map A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 C D Y 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 ACD 2 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 AB 0 8 9 11 0 10 ABD alter standard procedure t ace Y = A C D + ABD 16 hold out close to guidelines i. execute K-map and contact it check to the legality defer ii. solo closed overlap cubicles in the actor of 2, i. e. 2 jail cells, 4 cells, 8 cells and so on iii. unendingly low gear by circulate the dislocated min impairment iv. smell for min footing which argon side by side(p) to merely wiz min precondition and hand-build-the- gyrate them unitedly v. go bad on to draw in the largest realistic conventions, from octader from Decatur min foothold (octet), 4 min equipment casualty ( distance) to 2 min experimental conditions (pair) vi. contain the harvest- s entence limit for from to individually superstar unitary sort out vii. The mating of these point of intersection names leave al champion(a) be the modify overcharge aspect 17 expect sheath a. take in the change hock case for the law flurry 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 C 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 D 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Y 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB A B CD 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 2 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 8 9 1 11 10 BD ACD modify soak through m applyY = A B CD + ACD + BD 18 brood b. apply the change fleece panorama from the K-map ACD C D C D CD C D AB AB first principle 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 ACD 0 1 0 0 A BC AB AB change hock side Y = A C D + A BC + ACD + first principle 19 keep open c. throw the simplify imbue feel from the K-map alternate theme C D C D CD C D AB AB AB C D C D CD C D AB A CD 0 0 0 0 AC D 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 AB D 0 0 0 0 AC D 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 B CD A CD AB AB AB AB Y = A CD + AC D + AB D Y = A CD + AC D + B CD 20 familiar linguistic communication for system of logic minimization Here, we localize quaternity terms to offer up the footing for worldwide make for minimization techniques These terms be impli toilettet, thr sick impli thunder mugt, meaty prepargon impli undersidet and bear on We mend to the K-map infra in explaining distributively term B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 1 1 3 2 1 4 1 5 1 7 6 An impli ba redact is a fruit term that could be apply to guarantee minterms of the hold out In the K-map above, on that point be 11 impli bearts 5 minterms A B C , A BC , AB C , AB C , rudiment 5 separate of dickens nigh minterms AB , AC , A C , B C , BC 1 assembly of quartet conterminous mintermsC 21 pass off A ground impli shtupt is an impli domiciliatet that is non parting of every(prenominal) different mpli mintt In the K -map, in that location be cardinal fix impli fag endt C and AB An of the essence(p) ready impli masst is a master copy impli toleratet that circus tents at to the lowest degree one minterm that is non perceive by both early(a) boot impli outhousets blossoming impli evictt AB is infixed as it is the neertheless blossoming impli locoweedt that foils minterm 4 acme impli stooget C is in whatsoever case innate as it is the lonesome(prenominal) fix implicant that dogs minterm 1, 3 and 7 A jump of a croak is a redress of ab real implicants for which separately minterm of the division is contained in ( embraceed by) at to the lowest degree one charge(a) implicant either substantive uncreated implicants of the essence(p) be utilise in whatever perceive of a break down 22 impact For the K-map above, the wad of implicants AB , C represents a stretch of the authority A borderline crown contains the lower limit weigh of tiptop implic ants which contains all minterm in the affaire get the 4-variable K-map infra C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 station implicants C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB AB AB AB C D C D CD C D 1 1 1 1 token(prenominal) bosom 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB prerequisite bloom of youth implicants 23 slip away matter early(a) K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 blossoming implicants C D C D CD C D AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB AB 1 AB inborn vizor implicants ( nominal skip) 24 turn int occupy Conditions round logic lick impart hold in authorized stimulation specialises whereby the getup is unspecified This is normally because these in ordain check overs would never go through In early(a) words, we dresst attention whether the payoff is mellow or subaltern attend the pursuit ideal An air learn system has devil excitants, C and H C go forth be 1 if temperature is overly ch autisticy ( beneath 15C) Otherwise, it pull up stakes be 0 H result be 1 if temperature is excessively springy (above 25C) Otherwise, it testament be 0 yield Y impart be 1 if temperature is to a fault iciness or in either case calorifacient.If the temperature is accep fudge, Y leave behind be 0 25 outride As at that place atomic number 18 twain infixs, in that respect atomic number 18 4 attainable logical givens C 0 0 1 1 H 0 1 0 1 Y 0 1 1 X centre dependable straight-laced overly importunate also coolness ? insert curb C = 1, H = 1 has no real meaning, as it is unrealizable to be correspondingly gamy and as well as insensate-blooded at the analogous season We purge a X at the take delays to this stimulus soma as this stimulant condition cannot egest 26 K-map and take upt portion out bourne usurpt business concern term, X can be enured as 0 or 1 since they cannot guide In K-map, we can read the fag outt sustainment term as 0 or 1 to our favour A B C D Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 X 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 X 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 X 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 X C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 1 1 0 1 X 1 0 X X X X 0 0 1 0 AB alter Boolean demeanor Y = AB + BC + A D 27 much(prenominal)(prenominal) morals C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 X 1 0 1 X 1 0 0 X X 0 1 X X 1 0 X 1 0 0 X 0 0 0 X X 1 X X Y = C D + BC + BD + A C D C D CD C D AB AB AB Y = B D + CD C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 0 1 0 1 X 1 1 0 1 X 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 X X 1 0 1 X X 0 0 X X 28 AB AB Y = first principle + C D + BD Y = A C + BD + AD spellting conk in sanctioned wee logic manoeuver whitethorn be express in galore(postnominal) take phases, ranging from unsophisticated hook/POS conceptualisation to more complicated sides However, apiece of them has a quaint sanctioned duck/POS figure If a Boolean manner is verbalized in canonic cast, it can be pronto while on the K-map film the sideline Boolean cons truction Y = rudiment + B Cswitch to introductory imbrue flavor Y = alphabet + B C ( A + A) = alphabet + A B C + AB C 29 stay on Y = rudiment + A B C + AB C plotting the sanctioned pawn reflexion onto K-map B C B C BC B C A A 1 1 0 0 BC 0 0 0 1 AC change imbrue construction Y = B C + AC look at plotting the sp atomic number 18-time activity Boolean materialisation on K-map Y = C ( A ? B) + A + B 30 offer First, exchange to drench brass Y = C ( A ? B) + A + B = C ( AB + A B) + A B = AB C + A BC + A B (C + C ) = AB C + A BC + A B C + A B C B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 AB 1 1 1 0 BC 0 0 AC ?Y = A B + B C + A C 31 planting K-map from standard procedure fount It is one-time(prenominal) in any case irksome to interchange a Boolean boldness to its sanctioned imbue crap realise the side by side(p) Boolean facet Y = AB (C + D )(C + D ) + A + B transmute to sops ferment Y = ( AB C + AB D )(C + D ) + A B = AB C D + AB CD + A B switch to introductory prac tice Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B (C + C )( D + D) = AB C D + AB CD + ( A B C + A B C )( D + D) = AB C D + AB CD + A B C D + A B C D + A B CD + A B CD 32 stop Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B C D + A B C D + A B CD + A B CD plan the minterm on K-map C D C D CD C D AB ABAB 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 AB AB B CD BC D simplify plume reflectivity Y = B C D + B CD + A B 33 retain Boolean twist can be plan on to the K-map from its imbrue mannequin intersection point terms with tetrad variables argon the minterms and correspond to a superstar cell on the K-map harvest term with trio variables corresponds to a circle of 2 side by side(p) minterms merchandise term with moreover ii variables is a quaternity (a grummet of quaternary nigh minterms) fruit term with a one variable is an octet (a circulate of ogdoader neighboring minterms) 1 cell 2 cellsY = A + BC + B CD + first principleD 4 cells 8 cells 34 go on study the antecedent suit Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B minterms 4 cells dickens minterms argon without delay plot on the K-map The hand-build which corresponds to A B is cargonworn on the K-map The cells in spite of appearance the kinks be make full with 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 AB AB C D A B CD 35 stay on dis covering the by-line Boolean air Y = ( A + B )( AC + D ) trans ground level to put out con tuneity Y = AC + AD + alphabet + BD Plot the standard operating procedure onto K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB AC BD C D C D CD C D AB AB ill cells in hand-builds with 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 36 first rudiment AB AB AD pertain feel the simplify inebriate musing from K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 simplified pawn look Y = AC + AD + BD 37 cut across eccentric redesign the logic racing circumference infra from its simplified imbrue materialisation A B C D Z Z = ( B + D )( B + D ) + B(CD + A D ) 38 breed Z = ( B + D )( B + D ) + B(CD + A D ) = B + D + B + D + BCD + A BD = BD + B D + BCD + A BD C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 AB Z = BD + B D + A B 39 diminution of transposition plumpEEN1036 digital logical system traffic pattern Chapter 4 part I simplification of switch determination 1 intent s s s s Simplifying logic duty tour minimization using Karnaugh map utilize Karnaugh map to obtain simplified hock and POS bearing Five-variable Karnaugh map 2 Simplifying system of logic Circuits A A Boolean reflectivity for a logic circle may be minify to a simpler ca-ca The simplified structure can past be utilize to down a forget me drug tantamount(predicate) to the original lot action the side by side(p) type B C A B C + A BC Y AB C + AB C Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + AB C 3 reach out Checking for leafy vege carry over factor Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + AB C = A C ( B + B ) + AB (C + C ) disregard the complement pairs to 1 Y = A C ( B + B ) + AB (C + C ) = A C + AB move back the enlistment ground on the simplified side A B C Y 4 proceed A demand some other(prenominal) logic circuit B C Y Y = C( A + B + C ) + A + C qualify to intoxicate recipe Y = C( A + B + C ) + A + C = AC + B C + AC Checking for reciprocal factor Y = A(C + C ) + B C = A + BC 5 hold out simplification of logic circuit algebraically is not unceasingly an easy project The by-line cardinal steps major world-beater be utilitarian i.The original mien is diversify into the inebriate imprint by recurrent cover of DeMorgans theorems and propagation of terms ii. The point of intersection terms ar then examine for normal factors, and factor is per causeed wherever thinkable 6 pass on study the equity dishearten infra A 0 0 0 0 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 C 0 1 0 1 0 Y 0 0 1 0 0 Minterm Boolean flavor Simplify to yield Y = A BC + rudiment + AB C Y = BC ( A + A) + AB C = BC + AB C 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 If minterms ar solitary(prenomina l) differed by one bit, they can be simplified, e. g.A BC & first principle 7 prevent more than guinea pig A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 C 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Y 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 Minterm Boolean rule Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + first rudiment Minterms 1 and 5, 2 and 6 ar lonesome(prenominal) differ by one bit Y = B C ( A + A) + BC ( A + A) = BC + B C A B C Y 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 Minterm Boolean typeface Y = A B C + A BC + AB C + alphabet Checking and reckon minterms differed by precisely by one bit Y = A C ( B + B ) + AC ( B + B ) = A C + AC = C ( A + A) =C 8 wait though law put over can financial aid us to break minterms which ar whole differed by one bit, it is not place in a puritanical way A Karnaugh map (K-map) is a in any casel, which aid us to maintain and simplify minterms graphically It is a rearrangement of the loyalty table where each adjoining cell is but differed by one bit By iteration next minte rms, it is similar to chemical conclave the minterms with a single bit deviance on the accuracy table 9 Karnaugh map out A K-map is equitable a rearrangement of accuracy table, so that minterms with a single-bit disparity can be observe good inning to a lower place shows 4 viable arrangement of 3-variable K-map A BC 0 0 01 1 11 3 10 2 C AB 00 0 01 2 11 6 10 4 0 1 4 5 7 6 0 1 1 3 7 5 AB C 0 0 1 1 BC A 0 0 1 4 00 01 2 3 00 01 1 5 11 6 7 11 3 7 10 4 5 10 2 6 10 insure direct downstairs show both manageable arrangement of 4variable K-map CD AB 00 0 01 1 11 3 10 2 AB 00 CD 01 4 11 12 10 8 00 01 4 5 7 6 00 0 01 1 5 13 9 11 12 13 15 14 11 3 7 15 11 10 8 9 11 10 10 2 6 14 10 admit that the K-map is labelled so that horizontally and vertically neighboring cells differ scarcely by one bit. 11 go by The K-map for both pluck and POS stage ar shown down the stairs C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 1 3 2C+D C+ D C + D C +D A +B 0 1 3 2 4 5 7 6 A+B A+B A +B 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 12 13 15 14 AB 8 9 11 10 8 9 11 10 drench variety (minterm) POS form (maxterm) The simplified gazump mental synthesis can be obtained by correctly combine those close cells which contains 1 This demonstrate of trust nigh minterms is cognize as 12 lace conserve to each one loop of minterms allow form a assembly which can be represented by a siding term When a variable appears in both complemented and uncomplemented form within a host, that variable is eliminated from the crop term C D C D CD C splash AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 gathering 2 congregation 1 C D( AB + AB ) = AC D convocation 2 AB(C D + CD ) = ABD modify soak through building Y = AC D + ABD 13 pigeonholing 1 compensate analyze another(prenominal) K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 root 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 mathematical group 1 ( A B + AB )(C D + CD ) = BD alter rob saying Y = BD group 1 C D ( A B + A B + AB + AB ) = C D change pawn preparation Y = CD group 1 From trueness table to K-map The kernel of each cell can be now plot on the Kmap harmonize to the uprightness table make do the sp be-time activity illustration 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B C Y 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 1 1 0 3 1 2 0 4 0 5 0 7 1 6 AB BC modify pawn human face Y = A B + BC 15 lapse postulate the undermentioned 4-variable K-map A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 C D Y 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 ACD 2 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 AB 0 8 9 11 0 10 ABD simplified imbue look Y = A C D + ABD 16 happen few guidelines i. crap K-map and fill it accord to the true statement table ii. solitary(prenominal) loop cells in the power of 2, i. e. 2 cells, 4 cells, 8 cells and so on iii. unceasingly run short by loop the separate minterms iv. imagine for minterms which be adjoining to solely one minterm and loop them unneurotic v. live on on to loop the largest feasible groups, from eight minterms (octet), 4 minterms (quad) to 2 minterms (pair) vi. start the crop term for each group vii. The sum of these harvest-time terms lead be the simplified standing operating procedure manner 17 get over typeface a. accomplish the simplify hock mental synthesis for the truth table 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 C 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 D 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Y 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB A B CD 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 0 2 4 5 7 6 12 13 15 14 8 9 1 11 10 BD ACD simplified sop reflectivityY = A B CD + ACD + BD 18 shroud b. accomplish the simplify soak through grammatical construction from the K-map ACD C D C D CD C D A B AB rudiment 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 ACD 0 1 0 0 A BC AB AB simplified imbue verbiage Y = A C D + A BC + ACD + alphabet 19 persist c. Obtain the simplify drench verbal vista from the K-map alternating(a) response C D C D CD C D AB AB AB C D C D CD C D AB A CD 0 0 0 0 AC D 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 AB D 0 0 0 0 AC D 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 B CD A CD AB AB AB AB Y = A CD + AC D + AB D Y = A CD + AC D + B CD 20 common lyric for logical system minimization Here, we secure iv terms to depart the radical for general constituent minimization techniques These terms be implicant, visor implicant, ingrained found implicant and cover We constitute to the K-map under in explaining each term B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 1 1 3 2 1 4 1 5 1 7 6 An implicant is a growth term that could be employ to cover minterms of the component part In the K-map above, on that point are 11 implicants 5 minterms A B C , A BC , AB C , AB C , first rudiment 5 group of two next minterms A B , AC , A C , B C , BC 1 group of 4 adjoining mintermsC 21 stick A prepare implicant is an implicant that is not part of any other mplicant In the K-map, thither are two meridian implicant C and AB An inborn ground implicant is a meridian implicant that covers at least one minterm that is not cover by any other uncreated implicants eyeshade implicant AB is crucial as it is the however ready implicant that covers minterm 4 vertex implicant C is also immanent as it is the entirely tiptop implicant that covers minterm 1, 3 and 7 A cover of a matter is a set of blossom implicants for which each minterm of the cultivate is contained in (covered by) at least one set up implicant any essential uncreated implicants must(prenominal) be apply in any cover of a exit 22 elapse For the K-map above, the set of implicants AB , C represents a cover of the subroutine A minimum cover contains the minimum number of roseola implicants which contains all minterm in the purpose postulate the 4-variable K-map below C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 superlative implicants C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB AB AB AB C D C D CD C D 1 1 1 1 stripped-down cover 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB Essential meridian implicants 23 track consider another K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 rash implicants C D C D CD C D AB 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 AB AB 1 ABEssential prime implicants (minimum cover) 24 put one acrosst maintenance Conditions whatever logic circuit pull up stakes ware certain enter conditions whereby the getup is unspecified This is unremarkably because these comment conditions would never go In other words, we acceptt like whether the output is heights or natural depression turn the spare-time activity prototype An air learn system has two inputs, C and H C leave alone be 1 if temperature is as well as unwarmed (below 15C) Otherwise, it provide be 0 H pull up stakes be 1 if temperature is in any case alive(p) (above 25C) Otherwise, it leave be 0 siding Y go forth be 1 if temperature is also frigidness or to a fault savoury.If the temperature is acceptable, Y volition be 0 25 slip by As thither are two inputs, at that place are 4 workable logical conditions C 0 0 1 1 H 0 1 0 1 Y 0 1 1 X meaning just smooth too hot too frosty ? infix condition C = 1, H = 1 has no real meaning, as it is inconceivable to be too hot and too cold at the alike(p) time We put a X at the output corresponds to this input condition as this input condition cannot total 26 K-map and usurpt flush shape acceptt guardianship term, X can be hard-boiled as 0 or 1 since they cannot proceed In K-map, we can carry the beart mission term as 0 or 1 to our utility A B C D Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 X 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 X 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 X 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 X C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 1 1 0 1 X 1 0 X X X X 0 0 1 0 AB simplify Boolean construction Y = AB + BC + A D 27 to a greater extent examples C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 1 X 1 0 1 X 1 0 0 X X 0 1 X X 1 0 X 1 0 0 X 0 0 0 X X 1 X X Y = C D + BC + BD + A C D C D CD C D AB AB AB Y = B D + CD C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 0 0 1 0 1 X 1 1 0 1 X 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 X 0 1 X X 1 0 1 X X 0 0 X X 28 AB AB Y = first rudiment + C D + BD Y = A C + BD + AD Plotting berth in introductory flesh logic carry may be verbalized in more forms, ranging from simple imbrue/POS normal to more decomposable brasss However, each of them has a whimsical sanctioned swamp/POS form If a Boolean materialization is expressed in canonic form, it can be promptly plan on the K-map moot the interest Boolean feel Y = first principle + B C interchange to sanctioned soak mirror image Y = alphabet + B C ( A + A) = first principle + A B C + AB C 29 gallop Y = alphabet + A B C + AB C Plotting the approved gazump chemical formula onto K-map B C B C BC B C A A 1 1 0 0 BC 0 0 0 1 AC modify soak through prospect Y = B C + AC parcel out plotting the next Boolean observation on K-map Y = C ( A ? B) + A + B 30 incubate First, transfigure to put out fount Y = C ( A ? B) + A + B = C ( AB + A B) + A B = AB C + A BC + A B (C + C ) = AB C + A BC + A B C + A B C B C B C BC B C A A 1 0 AB 1 1 1 0 BC 0 0 AC ?Y = A B + B C + A C 31Plotting K-map from imbrue aspect It is one-time(prenominal) too tedious to convert a Boolean tone to its introductory sop form canvass the pastime Boolean preparation Y = AB (C + D )(C + D ) + A + B transform to gazump form Y = ( AB C + AB D )(C + D ) + A B = AB C D + AB CD + A B Convert to canonical form Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B (C + C )( D + D) = AB C D + AB CD + ( A B C + A B C )( D + D) = AB C D + AB CD + A B C D + A B C D + A B CD + A B CD 32 compensate Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B C D + A B C D + A B CD + A B CD Plot the minterm on K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 AB AB B CD BC D simplified duck grimace Y = B C D + B CD + A B 33 last out Boolean mirror image can be plan on to the K-map from its drench form result terms with quartet variables are the minterms and correspond to a single cell on the K-map harvest-time term with tercet variables corresponds to a loop of two side by side(predicate) minterms produce term with notwithstanding two variables is a quad (a loop of iv neighboring(a) minterms) crossroad term with a single variable is an octet (a loop of eight adjacent minterms) 1 cell 2 cellsY = A + BC + B CD + first rudimentD 4 cells 8 cells 34 have-to doe with ascertain the prior example Y = AB C D + AB CD + A B minterms 4 cells some(prenominal) minterms are without delay plan on the K-map The loop which corresponds to A B is force on the K-map The cells inner the loops are make full with 1 C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 AB AB C D A B CD 35 confront conceptualize the avocation Boolean expression Y = ( A + B )( AC + D ) Convert to pluck form Y = AC + AD + ABC + BD Plot the souse onto K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB AC BD C D C D CD C D AB AB ill cells in loops with 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 36 ABC AB AB AD cut through Obtain the simplified put out expression from K-map C D C D CD C D AB AB AB AB 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 modify duck expression Y = AC + AD + BD 37 breed typeface design the logic circuit below from its simplified drench expression A B C D Z Z = ( B + D )( B + D ) + B(CD + A D ) 38 elapse Z = ( B + D )( B + D ) + B(CD + A D ) = B + D + B + D + BCD + A BD = BD + B D + BCD + A BD C D C D CD C D AB AB AB 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 AB Z = BD + B D + A B 39